Biomarkers: An Informational Overview
Introduction
Biomarkers are measurable indicators found in biological systems—such as blood, tissues, or other bodily fluids—that provide objective information about normal or pathological processes, disease progression, or response to treatment. They are widely used in research, clinical diagnostics, and personalized medicine because they can help detect diseases early, guide therapeutic decisions, and monitor treatment effectiveness.
What Biomarkers Are
At its core, a biomarker is any biological measurement that reflects what’s happening inside the body. Biomarkers can be:
Proteins – such as enzymes or signaling molecules
Genetic markers – specific DNA or RNA sequences
Metabolites – products of cellular metabolism
Physiological measurements – such as blood pressure or heart rhythm